Broad network access. A cloud computing system keeps its critical data on internet servers rather than distributing copies of data files to individual client devices. PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. Microsoft is a leading global provider of cloud computing services for businesses of all sizes. Linux containers run in isolated partitions of a single Linux kernel running directly on the physical hardware. [7], The availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture and autonomic and utility computing has led to growth in cloud computing. dPaaS users access data through data-visualization tools. The word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user. Here are a few examples of what is possible today with cloud services from a cloud provider: Quickly build, deploy and scale applications—web, mobile and API. The cloud style of computing represents the best practice approach to delivering any externally facing application, information or business process service as part of a digital business strategy. It adds up fast. [94] Serverless computing is so named because the business or person that owns the system does not have to purchase, rent or provision servers or virtual machines for the back-end code to run on. Cloud computing shares characteristics with: Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics: The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics": On-demand self-service. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change. [13], In April 2008, Google released the beta version of Google App Engine. Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service providers, which deliver their computing resources like servers and storage over the Internet.Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. He, Qiang, et al. Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users, there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on the same data server. Cloud computing is a term used to describe the use of hardware and software delivered via network (usually the Internet). Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. Additionally, Eugene Schultz, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. [130], There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). This is important now that cloud computing is becoming popular and required for some services to work, for example for an intelligent personal assistant (Apple's Siri or Google Now). a) The massive scale of cloud computing systems was enabled by the popularization of the Internet b) Soft computing represents a real paradigm shift in the way in which systems are deployed c) Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility computing possible with a pay-as-you-go, infinitely scalable, universally available system For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks). [144], In some scenarios existing digital forensics tools can be employed to access cloud storage as networked drives (although this is a slow process generating a large amount of internet traffic). SaaS applications may be integrated with cloud storage or File hosting services, which is the case with Google Docs being integrated with Google Drive and Word Online being integrated with Onedrive. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization. PaaS is designed to make it easier for developers to quickly create web or mobile apps, without worrying about setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure of servers, storage, network and databases needed for development. 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Multi cloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak. Most cloud computing services fall into four broad categories: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), serverless and software as a service (SaaS). In cloud computing, the control of the back end infrastructure is limited to the cloud vendor only. Also known as software as a service (SaaS), on-demand software lets you offer the latest software versions and updates around to customers—anytime they need, anywhere they are. The example Jim White [the designer of Telescript, X.400 and ASN.1] uses now is a date-arranging service where a software agent goes to the flower store and orders flowers and then goes to the ticket shop and gets the tickets for the show, and everything is communicated to both parties."[19]. These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they build on top of one another. One drawback of SaaS comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. Google and Microsoft followed soon after. As a result,[citation needed] there could be unauthorized access to the data. Bring Azure services and management to any infrastructure, Put cloud-native SIEM and intelligent security analytics to work to help protect your enterprise, Build and run innovative hybrid applications across cloud boundaries, Unify security management and enable advanced threat protection across hybrid cloud workloads, Dedicated private network fiber connections to Azure, Synchronise on-premises directories and enable single sign-on, Extend cloud intelligence and analytics to edge devices, Manage user identities and access to protect against advanced threats across devices, data, apps, and infrastructure, Azure Active Directory External Identities, Consumer identity and access management in the cloud, Join Azure virtual machines to a domain without domain controllers, Better protect your sensitive information—anytime, anywhere, Seamlessly integrate on-premises and cloud-based applications, data and processes across your enterprise, Connect across private and public cloud environments, 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about public, private and hybrid clouds, Browse a dictionary of common cloud computing terms. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information. Which of these should a company consider before implementing cloud computing … Abstract Image Management and Universal Image Registration for Cloud and HPC Infrastructures ", IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 2012. The concept of Cloud Computing came into existence in 1950 with implementation of mainframe computers, accessible via thin/static clients. Common private cloud technologies and vendors include VMware and OpenStack. [28], In early 2008, NASA's Nebula,[29] enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. If you aren’t familiar with this topic, cloud computing is when hardware (servers, storage, etc.) A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single business or organisation. [81] Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of programs by building data applications for the customer. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". A. Google 101 B. IBM Deep blue C. Microsoft Azure D. Amazon EC2 ANS:B. On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”—hardware setup, software patching, and other time-consuming IT management chores. [127] Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access. Video-sharing cloud services like Netflix , for example, stream data across the internet to a player application on the viewing device rather than sending customers DVD or BluRay physical discs. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization. Often, these customer- and partner-facing systems will lead the way to the creation of new cloud-native applications, and the expertise gained can also be used for new internal custom … The term comes from the use of cloud shaped symbol that represents abstraction of rather complex infrastructure that enables the work of software, hardware, computation and remote services. [109] This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations). [135] Cloud users are also limited to the control and management of their applications, data and services. Yet, the "data center" model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM's mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant. To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. [47] This cloud offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers. Cost reductions are claimed by cloud providers. 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CIOs should familiarize themselves with the benefits of cloud computing, learn about cloud security and understand what type of talent is necessary for successful cloud implementation. A) It is a metaphor for the internet based on the basic cloud drawing used to represent the telephone network. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. A hypervisor runs the virtual machines as guests. Also explore over 21 similar quizzes in this category. In cloud speak, that means delivering the right amount of IT resources—for example, more or less computing power, storage, bandwidth—right when it is needed and from the right geographic location. During the 1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via RJE (Remote Job Entry);[20] this terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC. Full-time-sharing solutions were available by the early 1970s on such platforms as Multics (on GE hardware), Cambridge CTSS, and the earliest UNIX ports (on DEC hardware). There is the risk that end users do not understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes don't read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. While the technology has been described and commented on at length technically, very few studies have focused on its impact on everyday life.We are, as never before, seeing cloud technology impact our world on many levels. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. Availability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 12:22. [13], References to the phrase "cloud computing" appeared as early as 1996, with the first known mention in a Compaq internal document. Hybrid cloud infrastructure essentially serves to eliminate limitations inherent to the multi-access relay characteristics of private cloud networking. [27], In August 2006, Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services and introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Unify your data across teams, divisions and locations in the cloud. [106] A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be simply put in one category of private, public, or community cloud service. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management,[98] essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept". [52], Cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used. [129] The systems work by creating and describing identities, recording activities, and getting rid of unused identities. 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Cloud computing was popularized with Amazon.com releasing its Elastic Compute Cloud product in 2006. Platform as a service refers to cloud computing services that supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering and managing software applications. utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised. iPaaS enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows. [107] This example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Resource pooling. [78][need quotation to verify], Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data. a) SQL Server is having enormous impact on cloud computing b) Amazon.com’s services represent the largest pure Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) c) EC2 is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) market d) None of the mentioned View Answer Self-run data centers[97] are generally capital intensive. The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. and software are delivered over the internet. [140] Major cloud technology companies invest billions of dollars per year in cloud Research and Development. Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network. "Formulating Cost-Effective Monitoring Strategies for Service-based Systems." A. Wireless B. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. If you use an online service to send email, edit documents, watch movies or TV, listen to music, play games or store pictures and other files, it is likely that cloud computing is making it all possible behind the scenes. [34][35] The initiative failed badly and Cloudwatt was shut down on 1 February 2020. Private cloud services are delivered from a business's data center to internal users. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. Diaz, Javier et al. " The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters, which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. B) It refers to the virtual hardware that cloud computing is built on. Get Azure innovation everywhere—bring the agility and innovation of cloud computing to your on-premises workloads. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand,[3][4][5] providing the burst computing capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand. [57][102], Several factors like the functionality of the solutions, cost, integrational and organizational aspects as well as safety & security are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or on-premise solution. Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning. Services include user management, push notifications, integration with social networking services[88] and more. As an open-source offering and along with other open-source solutions such as CloudStack, Ganeti, and OpenNebula, it has attracted attention by several key communities. If the connection to the user is relatively close, it may be designated an edge server. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively. Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on. [36][37], In February 2010, Microsoft released Microsoft Azure, which was announced in October 2008. “Cloud” in cloud computing represents what? ), peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to meet their highest possible load-levels). In addition, to use by General Magic itself, it was also used in promoting AT&T's associated PersonaLink Services. With IaaS, you rent IT infrastructure—servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems—from a cloud provider on a pay-as-you-go basis. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources on-demand. Von Laszewski, Gregor, et al. ", "Oracle Cloud, Enterprise-Grade Cloud Solutions: SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS", "Larry Ellison Doesn't Get the Cloud: The Dumbest Idea of 2013", "Oracle Disrupts Cloud Industry with End-to-End Approach", "Google Compute Engine is now Generally Available with expanded OS support, transparent maintenance, and lower prices", "It's probable that you've misunderstood 'Cloud Computing' until now", "Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing", "Recession Is Good For Cloud Computing – Microsoft Agrees", "Defining 'Cloud Services' and "Cloud Computing, "e-FISCAL project state of the art repository", "Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight", "Defining and Measuring Cloud Elasticity", "Economies of Cloud Scale Infrastructure", "Cloud computing security forecast: Clear skies", "Infrastructure as a Service Cloud Concepts", "Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)", "Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS", "The Value of Data Platform-as-a-Service (dPaaS)", "Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing", "AnyPresence partners with Heroku to beef up its enterprise mBaaS offering", "Kii Cloud Opens Doors For Mobile Developer Platform With 25 Million End Users", "FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market", "Mobile Backend As A Service Parse Raises $5.5 Million in Series A Funding", "MobStac Raises $2 Million in Series B To Help Brands Leverage Mobile Commerce", "built.io Is Building an Enterprise MBaas Platform for IoT", "AWS Lambda Makes Serverless Applications A Reality", "Self-Run Private Cloud Computing Solution – GovConnection", "Private Clouds Take Shape – Services – Business services – Informationweek", "There's No Such Thing As A Private Cloud – Cloud-computing -", "FastConnect | Oracle Cloud Infrastructure", "Customer Relationship Management in a Public Cloud environment - Key influencing factors for European enterprises", "What is hybrid cloud? It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more that could be done with a single provider. Cloud computing is now evolving like never before, with companies of all shapes and sizes adapting to this new technology. Each model represents a different part of the cloud computing stack. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud. a) The massive scale of cloud computing systems was enabled by the popularization of the Internet b) Soft computing represents a real paradigm shift in the way in which systems are deployed c) Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility computing possible with a pay-as-you-go, infinitely scalable, universally available system The following diagram explains the evolution of cloud computing: Benefits Several different models, types and services have evolved to help offer the right solution for your needs. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security. ), whether managed internally or by a third-party, and either hosted internally or externally. Try this amazing Cloud Computing Knowledge Trivia! Cloud computing operates on a similar principle as web-based email clients, allowing users to access all of the features and files of the system without having to keep the bulk of that system on their own computers. "What can OpenStack adopt from a Ganeti-based open-source IaaS?." On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. [82], The NIST's definition of cloud computing defines Software as a Service as:[73]. The cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles. [23] They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.[24][25]. [112] This kind of cloud emerges from the rise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class computing. With some PaaS, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually. A powerful, low-code platform for building apps quickly, Get the SDKs and command-line tools you need, Use the development tools you know—including Eclipse, IntelliJ and Maven—with Azure, Continuously build, test, release and monitor your mobile and desktop apps. The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user,[85] so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. "[73], IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in data centers. [118], The issues of transferring large amounts of data to the cloud as well as data security once the data is in the cloud initially hampered adoption of cloud for big data, but now that much data originates in the cloud and with the advent of bare-metal servers, the cloud has become[119] a solution for use cases including business analytics and geospatial analysis. Cloud computing is cheaper because of economics of scale, and—like any outsourced task—you tend to get what you want. Since this technology's systems rely on the Internet, an individual cannot access their applications, server or data from the cloud during an outage. [103]. Rapid elasticity. IEEE, 2014. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time. With this simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the endpoints of a network are connected are not relevant to understanding the diagram.[17]. Meet your business challenges head on with cloud computing services from Google, including data management, hybrid & multi-cloud, and AI & ML. Protect your data more cost-efficiently—and at massive scale—by transferring your data over the Internet to an offsite cloud storage system that is accessible from any location and any device. Connect with your audience anywhere, anytime, on any device with high-definition video and audio with global distribution. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. [96], Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally. For example, one can provide SaaS implemented on physical machines (bare metal), without using underlying PaaS or IaaS layers, and conversely one can run a program on IaaS and access it directly, without wrapping it as SaaS. [8][9][10] By 2019, Linux was the most widely used operating system, including in Microsoft's offerings and is thus described as dominant. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed. [21] They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. [136], Privacy and confidentiality are big concerns in some activities. [115][116][117], Poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). [75] IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. [18] In Wired's April 1994 feature "Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II", Andy Hertzfeld commented on Telescript, General Magic's distributed programming language: "The beauty of Telescript ... is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service. Cloud computing is changing our lives in many ways. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. An increasing number of businesses are choosing cloud services. In fact, most people already use a variety of cloud computing services without even realizing it. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information technology engineering, security, platform, risk, and quality engineering. Users connect to the application over the Internet, usually with a web browser on their phone, tablet or PC. [11], The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. [121] These applications consume considerable amount of computing power and memory and are traditionally executed on clusters of computers. the word "cloud" is used as a metaphor for "the internet," so the phrase cloud computing means a type of Internet-based computing, where different services are delivered to an organizations computers and devices through the internet. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform. Cloud providers often decide on the management policies, which moderates what the cloud users are able to do with their deployment. With SaaS, cloud providers host and manage the software application and underlying infrastructure and handle any maintenance, like software upgrades and security patching. Technical outages are inevitable and occur sometimes when cloud service providers (CSPs) become overwhelmed in the process of serving their clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. A restaurant with a limited menu is cheaper than a personal chef who can cook anything you want. Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. Hard drives C. People D. Internet ANS:D. 10. Not all clouds are the same and not one type of cloud computing is right for everyone. The benefits of mixing private and public cloud services", "Mind the Gap: Here Comes Hybrid Cloud – Thomas Bittman", "Business Intelligence Takes to Cloud for Small Businesses", "Hybrid cloud: is it right for your business? Also, container capacity auto-scales dynamically with computing load, which eliminates the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based billing. Another example of hybrid cloud is one where IT organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Infrastructure as a Service, sometimes abbreviated as IaaS, contains the basic building blocks for cloud IT and typically provide access to networking features, computers (virtual or on dedicated hardware), and data storage space. ", "Your infrastructure's in the cloud and the Internet goes down. The advantages include enhanced runtime flexibility and adaptive memory processing unique to virtualized interface models. The first cloud computing services are barely a decade old, but already a variety of organisations—from tiny startups to global corporations, government agencies to non-profits—are embracing the technology for all sorts of reasons. Serverless computing is a cloud computing code execution model in which the cloud provider fully manages starting and stopping virtual machines as necessary to serve requests, and requests are billed by an abstract measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine, per hour. [122][123] Penguin Computing launched its HPC cloud in 2016 as alternative to Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, which uses virtualized computing nodes.[124][125]. Hybrid cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources,[104][105] that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and databases. [94] Despite the name, it does not actually involve running code without servers. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications. [132] Some small businesses that don't have expertise in IT security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud. Which is not a major cloud computing platform? ", "Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges", "Penguin Puts High-performance Computing in the Cloud", "Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures", "Cloud Computing Privacy Concerns on Our Doorstep", Identity and access management in cloud environment: Mechanisms and challenges, "Google Drive, Dropbox, Box and iCloud Reach the Top 5 Cloud Storage Security Breaches List", "Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros", "Should Companies Do Most of Their Computing in the Cloud? No one had conceived that before. 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